Future trends for educational rework.

Jeanine, this is thoughtful, thorough.  Your humble servant here studied Total Quality Management, or TQM, as part of his dissertation at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (the other part was database design for implementing TQM in higher education).  In TQM, there is a key concept.  It is called "rework."  It costs more to rework a product, service than it does to do it right in the first place.  What you are studying in effect is "rework" in education, which tells us the processes "upstream" are flawed.  This is the real issue - rework "downstream" in higher education because of wasteful "production"  "upstream."  As our economy continues to tank as we move into the future, we will no longer be able to afford such wasteful "rework."  Dr. Rux